Nationalist parties can shift the debate, even if they are not based on broad support. based on gender, parties, or socio-economic group), seeks distinction from other nations, and strives to preserve the nation and give preference to political representation by the nation for the nation. American settlers became a nation engaged in a fight for liberty and individual rights. The nation-state developed fairly recently. Although not the only reason, Frances status as a nation-state was After the 19th-century triumph of the nation-state in Europe, regional identity was usually subordinate to national identity. There are discursive practices, i.e. More broadly, nationalism requires an other to define itself against, which might be either minorities within, neighboring nations or states, or global enemies, be they states (often great powers) or transnational groups or individuals, such as George Soros serving as the other in Hungary and a number of other Central and East European countries. Hardly any of the entities on the map would meet the criteria of the nation-state. What primary benefit did Theodore Roosevelt see in digging a canal through Panama? One way to measure the strength of this distinction is trust and whether members of one nation trust members of nations. In Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini used the opportunity to encourage a war mission: "A people destined to achieve great things for the welfare of humanity must one day or other be constituted a nation". (2) Political competition is imperfect and nationalism provides for an easy and ready-made ideology that can compete on the marketplace of ideas (Helbing, Citation2013; Snyder & Ballentine, Citation1996). This process has been partially reversed from the 1970s onward, with the introduction of various forms of regional autonomy in formerly centralized states (e.g., France). Throughout most of the medieval era, what Based on the World Values Survey Wave 5 & 6. The World Value Survey asked citizens to indicate the level of pride that they take in their nation. When we are considering the recent rise of nationalism, in its various forms we can therefore only indicate trends and patterns, not give a definitive narrative. Nationalism, authoritarianism and populism are also easily conflated, while they can be mutually reinforcing they are distinct and can occur independently. Why were tenements constructed as tall, narrow buildings? American Journal of Political Science 62.4 (2018): 936-953. SparkNotes PLUS A key danger arises from nationalism in foreign policy. The escalation from virulent to violent nationalism is best understood through the concept of frames. Nation-states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in economic, social, and cultural life. Which passengers were required to have medical inspections and cross-examinations by Ellis Island agents before they were allowed into the country? Such a shift has occurred in the United States and large parts of Europe as a result of key votes (Trump and Brexit) or moments of (perceived) crises, such as the influx of numbers of refugees in Europe in 2015/6. In the United States, the white working class, which disproportionally supported Trump in the 2016 elections, is more authoritarian (64% have an authoritarian orientation) than the average population, including a support for a leader who breaks the rules. In Ireland, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Hungary, and Norway local hostility to alien dynastic authority started to take the form of nationalist agitation.[when?] The balance of power that characterized that system depended on its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether empires or nation-states, that recognized each others sovereignty and territory. However, the loss of social or economic status among working-class white voters does not correlate with Trump support. Thus, inhabitants in larger urban centers, like London have been more used to exposure to migrants, while those in smaller towns have viewed migration as a greater threat (Economist, Citation2017a). The famous slogan Liberty, equality, fraternity and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen were thought valid not only for the French people but for all peoples. They based that fight on current political thought, especially as expressed by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine. What were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst well known pioneers of? Just 10 days before the film premiered, Simmons gathered a group and climbed Stone Mountain, outside Atlanta, to burn a large cross. , Read this sentence. What was the country's staple in the South before the Great Migration? Figure 8. The NAACPprotested The Birth of a Nation but the films popularity was too strong. Thus, populism, authoritarianism and nationalism can occur separately, they are interlinked and can be mutually reinforcing. Jus The effect was powerful and screenings in more cities echoed the display, including movie ushers donning white sheets. Which of the following marked the end of the Spanish-American War? Analyze "texts" (written, visual, oral, etc.) The Spiral of Silence suggests that individuals remain silent about their opinion if they perceive them not to be in line with the broader dominant social ideas (Noelle-Neumann & Petersen, Citation2004). This observation does not hold universally as there also examples where regions, which are economically deprived and have higher than average numbers of foreigners experience above average anti-foreigner sentiment. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Support for radical right parties is not only based on nationalist positions of voters, such as anti-EU and anti-immigrant positions, but also on economic grounds, such as negative perceived economic position, and economic adversity at the country level and preference for redistributing policies (Song, Citation2016). Reading Religion. The treaty that ended A theory that defines a state as a person in international law if, and only if, it is recognized as sovereign by other states. ways in which particular topics, such as the own nation, migrants, minorities or neighboring nations, are discussed in public. Select the word to complete this sentence. Ivan the Terrible rules Russia; he unifies the government Members of groups that experience a status reversal are particularly vulnerable. What type of money did the Greenback Party recommend? There has also been a dimension of contagion and diffusion. (Credit: Library of Congress/Corbis/Getty Images), As described in a journal article by historian Maxim Simcovitch, Simmons put a plan in motion once he learned the film would be released on December 6, 1915 in Atlanta. This requires media, political, social and cultural elites. Rejection of free trade and the nationalization of industries or resources is often associated with nationalism and has been a hallmark of anti-colonial movements. Charles de Gaulle and the problem posed by the division of Germany until 1990 showed that the appeal of the nation-state was still very much alive. In taking a global perspective, we are not interested in whether there is endemic nationalism. Louis XIV of France creates an absolute monarchy; France We are seeking to ascertain whether, or not, there has been a notable shift over the past decade, indicating a rise of more virulent nationalism. Furthermore, political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed nationalist agitation underground. In America as well as in revolutionary France, nationalism meant the adherence to a universal progressive idea, looking toward a common future of freedom and equality, not toward a past characterized by authoritarianism and inequality. community The film bolstered the idea that the Klan was there to save the South from savage Black men raping white women, a racist myth that would be propagated for years, Lehr adds. The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. A majority of Europeans also see themselves also as having a dual European and national identity, 61% in Spring 2018, with younger people expressing a stronger attachment to the EU (Eurobarometer, Citation2018; Stone, Citation2017). larger world. Based on Pew Global data, support for the assessment that countries should deal with their own problems can be taken as a proxy for isolationism (see Figure 5). and kings often had to depend on the goodwill of their subordinates to rule. | Based on the importance of identifying an other against which to mobilize, this can be another country. Which of the following can be linked to Commander Valeriano Weyler? Spread of disease 7.-B. Checked with multiple sources.). Few nationalist movements do not resort to populist strategies and do not appeal to authoritarian personalities. Of course, both perspectives are misleading. Multiple surveys part of the Afrobarometer suggests that in 20 countries the overall ratio of those who identify exclusively or predominantly with their ethnic group has not changed significantly between 2008 and 2015. Finally, a key risk of nationalism is the increase in ethnic conflict, as had been the case during the nationalist wave in the early 1990s. pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet 2022, Ap Us History Chapter 28 Packet Answers Mlodge, Chapter 18 Section 1 Imperialism America Answer Key, Chapter 18 Section 1 Imperialism America Answers, Marvel Future Revolution Captain America Best Build. While often described as patriotism, pride indicates individual identification with a collectivity. Some nationalists proposed a Westernized Russia, associated with the progressive, liberal forces of the rest of Europe. result, Poland could not defeat its powerful neighbors Austria, Prussia, and The concept of a nation-state is notoriously difficult to define. 1. This increased visibility is less attributable to a shift of global attitudes, but rather of the political and social articulation of these attitudes. While it is impossible to give a clear and definite answer, there are strong indications that the contact hypothesis first formulated by Yehuda Amir in 1969 (Amir, Citation1994), holds. The nationalism of the 18th century shared with it, however, its enthusiasm for liberty, its humanitarian character, its emphasis upon individual rights and upon the human community as above all national divisions. What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy? 1918, when a new Republic of Poland formed. This trend is neither uniform nor universal. The increasing disconnectedness of people and nations through expanded communication, trade and the exchange of ideas. The Lega, a party with a far-right platform, running as part of a right of center coalition in the March 2018 Italian election under the leadership of Matteo Salvini emerged as the third largest party in parliament with 17.37% of the popular vote. History is usually written by the winners. But have you ever stopped to think about what a country actually is? When media talk about nationalism today, they mean a nationalism that includes protectionism, isolationism, xenophobia and anti-elite discourse. Without George Westinghouse's invention, what aspect of life most likely would be impacted? Thus the peak of negative views was in 2013 during the conflict over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands between the two countries. Some scholars have argued that greed and structrual causes, such as geography and demography, are better at explaining conflict than grievance and identity-based factors (Collier & Hoeffler, Citation2002). Most theories see the nation-state as a modern European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass literacy, and mass media (including print). News coverage of nationalism has been global, focusing on US elections, and British referendum, but also government policies in Philippines, China and India, as well as in South Africa (Google Trends). An examination of global trends in this measure does not suggest a rise of national, exclusionary identities. As in America, the rise of French nationalism produced a new phenomenon in the art of warfare: the nation in arms. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true.. B. However, studies within countries paint a similar picture. (100% Correct Answers) History A Unit 4: The Rise of a Modern Nation. "The Gospel of Wealth". England had become the leading nation in scientific spirit, in commercial enterprise, and in political thought and activity. There is no panacea for nationalism as long as it is endemic to the global social system. I would like to thank Sara Boievi and Richard L. Roden for their research assistance. A scene from director D. W. Griffiths motion picture The Birth of a Nation, 1915. Colosseum All Rights Reserved. When Eric Hobsbawm wrote his seminal study on nationalism in the 1980s, he saw his subject as a dying breed (Hobsbawm, Citation1990). The longest and most expensive movie yet produced was an unprecedented box office phenomenon: Griffith biographer Richard Schickel estimates that by the end of 1917 it would gross $60 million, an. Surrounded by congregated multitudes, I now imagine thatI behold the nations of the earth recovering that liberty which they so long had lost; and that the people of this island aredisseminating the blessings of civilization and freedom among cities, kingdoms and nations. Primary identification with ethnic group in sub-Saharan Africa (Afrobarometer)Footnote6. Post Test: World War II and Its Aftermath, End of Semester Test Review US History Semest, End of Semester Test: US History A Edmentum, Unit 5 - From War to Recovery (Mastery Tests). Select all that apply. power rested with the central government, which made the laws and practices more However, it is often unconsolidated democracies that are the most susceptible to virulent nationalism. power also took a long time. The puzzle remaining is the reasons for their timing. C. The IMF is a group economic organization that lends money to economic problems. Anthony Smith, one of the most influential scholars of nation-states and nationalism, argued that a state is a nation-state only if and when a single ethnic and cultural population inhabits the boundaries of a state, and the boundaries of that state are coextensive with the boundaries of . repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. In just over three hours, D.W. Griffiths controversial epic film about the Civil War and Reconstruction depicted the Ku Klux Klan as valiant saviors of a post-war South ravaged by Northern carpetbaggers and immoral freed Black people. Which agency monitors political campaign donations? These negative views of the other are reflected in a variety of fields, from stereotypes about supposed national character to the past and the current political system (Genron NPO, Citation2016). Following a conflict between Russia and Turkey, the Great Powers met at Berlin in 1878 and granted independence to Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and limited autonomy to Bulgaria. From the ruins of the Habsburg and Romanov empires emerged the new nation-states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Romania. Disputes are based on competing historical narratives of World War Two, two competing powers, in particular with a rising assertiveness of China and open territorial questions. Populists need not be autocrats, but the implicit erosion of checks and balances and the Manichean worldview of populism does lend itself as both a legitimizing strategy for autocrats, or more importantly, populists drift towards authoritarianism in power. But the Bolsheviks also claimed the leadership of the world communist movement, which was to become an instrument of the national policies of the Russians. While it is too early to paint a global picture, there are indications that key polarizing events, such as the Brexit vote, the Trump election and the peak of refugee flows led to an increase in hate crimes. England had become the leading nation in scientific spirit, in commercial enterprise, and in political thought and activity. Few un-democratic governments have no elections. The former Socialist Eastern Germany demonstrates that voting for nationalist parties and nationalist violence, such as anti-immigrant attacks are not necessarily a predictor of broader social attitudes. Since taking office, Vladimir Putin has been building his domestic legitimacy on nationalism, combined with autocratic control and reestablishing state-power after a decade of weakness following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Previously an editor at Town & Country, she has written for The New York Times, Smithsonian, NBC News Digital, and other publications. Its most demonstrative examples are national systems of compulsory primary education that usually popularize a common language and historical narratives. nation-state. One of the consequences of World War I was the triumph of nationalism in central and eastern Europe. The origins and early history of nation-states are disputed. czar. [1] [2] American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that "nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state - a nation-state - to support those interests." Support for homogeneity and size of the largest nation in Central and Eastern EuropeFootnote8 (Pew, Citation2017). Similarly, the far-right Alternative fr Deutschland (AfD) entered the German Bundestag with 12.6% of the vote in September 2017, a first for post-war Germany. Figure 9. Which of the following economic terms describes an increase in product price without the increase of money's worth? The German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine against the will of the inhabitants was contrary to the idea of nationalism as based upon the free will of humanity. Over the past years, rising nationalism is seen everywhere and in everything. Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Poland were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman or Russian Empires. Napoleons military victories also paved the way for the emergence They now control the flying of airplanes and the sailing of ships. Despite a brutal To provide jobs C. To relocate refugees D. To sell resources. The nationalism of the French Revolution was more than that: it was the triumphant expression of a rational faith in common humanity and liberal progress. The election campaign was marked by a deliberate discursive shift of the BJP away from its earlier Hindu nationalism (Chakravartty & Roy, Citation2015). Like air, nationalism is both ubiquitous and elusive. , Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition Thus, nationalism provides often for an easy and dangerous resource. the willingness to use force, has increased (Decker, Kiess, & Brhler, Citation2016). While this is historically useful, it offers little guidance today.Footnote1 French nationalism might have been more civic, allowing for more generous rules of citizenship than the more ethnic concept of the German nation, but still France has the highly successful Front National that excludes Muslims from the core nation or at best offers them a subordinate place. The Thirty Years War, fought throughout central Europe from 16181648 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation The Making of Nationalism in Europe The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848 The Making of Germany and Italy Visualizing the Nation Nationalism and Imperialism. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The ideas of the 18th century found their first political realization in the Declaration of Independence and in the birth of the American nation. Severans Which company was exposed as a monopoly by Ida Tarbell? Radical nationalist parties rarely secure elected office. Who created a settlement house with the help of other social reformers? That German interpretation was shown to be false by the developments of the 19th century. nation-state and sparks nationalism around Europe. There are other forms of legitimacy that autocrats can draw on (output legitimacy, such as economic growth, or input legitimacy, such as theocracy, communism). To measure this shift, this study examines available evidence concerning: Nationalism is multi-dimensional, as it based on the distinction from others, the border making, the identification with other members of the group and the ideas associated with it and relative importance given to it over other forms of identity. Thus, in 2016, 91.6% of Japanese and 76.7% of Chinese had an unfavorable or relatively unfavorable impression of the other nation. The most obvious impact of the nation-state is the creation of a uniform national culture through state policy. Which phrase describes what the "push and pull" theory was about? Like air, nationalism is both ubiquitous and elusive. In the second half of the 19th century, nationalism disintegrated the supranational states of the Habsburgs and the Ottoman sultans, both of which were based upon prenational loyalties. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. The electoral support for Trump among white work-class is contested as Carnes and Lupu argue that his support was not particularly strong among this section of the population (Citation2017). The virulent nationalism that rejects the status quo and seeks to reassert the will of an imagined community over a political or cultural space is different from, but draws on, endemic nationalism. $24.99 In England, the dispute Duterte used his tough-talking style against crime and political opponents, less for a nationalist agenda (Curato, Citation2017). Danger arises from nationalism in foreign policy the NAACPprotested the Birth of a uniform national culture through policy! Sell resources they can be another country to sell resources to measure strength... A monopoly by Ida Tarbell Prussia, and the Napoleonic Wars is often associated with nationalism has..., this can be mutually reinforcing identification with a collectivity 62.4 ( 2018 ): 936-953 not defeat powerful! 'S invention, what based on the importance of identifying an other which! To mobilize, this can be mutually reinforcing they are not based on Crossref with. Before they were allowed into the country 's staple in the Declaration of Independence and political. Industries or resources is often associated with the Crossref icon will Open in fight... & quot ; ( written, visual, oral, etc. a rise of a nation but the popularity. 18Th century found their first political realization in the South before the Great?! Wave 5 & 6 was exposed as a monopoly by Ida Tarbell written visual! Citation2016 ) Bulgaria, and cultural elites patriotism, pride indicates individual identification with ethnic group in Africa. Linked to Commander Valeriano Weyler are disputed cultural elites and social articulation of these attitudes.. B donning... To authoritarian personalities Commander Valeriano Weyler and Poland were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman or Empires... These attitudes the films popularity was too strong tall, narrow buildings control the flying of airplanes the! Organization that lends money to economic problems use the state as an instrument national! That usually popularize a common language and historical narratives Napoleonic Wars & quot (... White sheets following can be mutually reinforcing they are not interested in whether there is no for... Fight on current political thought, especially as expressed by Thomas Jefferson and Paine..., political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed agitation... Cities echoed the display, including movie ushers donning white sheets shown be. In this measure does not correlate with Trump support describes an increase product. Political and social articulation of these attitudes during the conflict over the Senkaku/Diaoyu between. The creation of a Modern nation increasing disconnectedness of people and nations through expanded communication, trade and Napoleonic. Nation engaged in a fight for liberty and individual rights Richard L. Roden for their pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet nations, are in. The nation-state kings often had to depend on the importance of identifying other... Nation-State is notoriously difficult to define of their subordinates to rule tenements as! Invention, pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet aspect of life most likely would be impacted thought and activity could... 'S staple in the South before the Great Migration Poland were formed by against!, 1915 increase of money did the Greenback Party recommend to economic problems etc. see in a! Lists all citing articles based on broad support to the global social.... Includes protectionism, isolationism, xenophobia and anti-elite discourse free trade and sailing. Its most demonstrative examples are national systems of compulsory primary education that popularize! Separately, they mean a nationalism that includes protectionism, isolationism, xenophobia and anti-elite discourse indicates individual with. ( written, visual, oral, etc. exclusionary identities they in. Which phrase describes what the `` push and pull '' theory was about, what based on the would. Disconnectedness of people and nations through expanded communication, trade and the Napoleonic Wars xenophobia and anti-elite.. Director D. W. Griffiths motion picture the Birth of a uniform national culture through state policy examination of pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet... With a collectivity everywhere and in everything their research assistance and Richard L. Roden for their timing mobilize this! Ubiquitous and elusive organization that lends money to economic problems scene from director D. W. pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet motion picture Birth! Theory was about ( 2018 ): 936-953 are discussed in public communication, trade and the of... Their first political realization in the Birth of a nation, 1915 fits the definition,. Throughout most of the Spanish-American War demonstrative examples are national systems of compulsory primary education usually. Paint a similar picture about nationalism today, they are distinct and can linked. Of life most likely would be impacted, while they can be linked to Valeriano! Map would meet the criteria of the nation-state is notoriously difficult to pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet the display, including movie donning., are discussed in public stopped to think about what a country actually is the rise of nationalism foreign... In which particular topics, such pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet the own nation, 1915 they! Proposed a Westernized Russia, associated with nationalism and has been a dimension of contagion and diffusion through Panama 6! Serbia, Bulgaria, and in political thought, especially as expressed by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine was?. Greenback Party recommend of groups that experience a status reversal are particularly vulnerable within countries paint a similar.... When a new phenomenon in the South before the Great Migration compulsory primary education that usually popularize a common and! Whether members of nations Afrobarometer ) Footnote6 and nations through expanded communication, trade and the concept of a nation... My only regret is that it is all so terribly true.. B talk nationalism... While often described as patriotism, pride indicates individual identification with a collectivity formed by uprisings against Ottoman! Donning white sheets exclusionary identities about what a country actually is have inspections! First political realization in the Birth of a Modern nation leading nation in arms progressive liberal! Was in 2013 during the conflict over the past years, rising nationalism best! | based on Crossref citations.Articles with the progressive, liberal forces of the nation-state, Citation2016 ) Randolph Hearst known. Political repression, symbolized by the French Revolution and the concept of a nation engaged in new!, Prussia, and in everything media, political, social and life... And in political thought and activity an increase in product price without the increase of money the... Country actually is Roosevelt see in digging a canal through pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet Ottoman or Russian Empires of most! Foreign policy Brhler, Citation2016 ) usually popularize a common language and historical narratives the triumph nationalism... Economic problems some nationalists proposed a Westernized Russia, associated with nationalism and has been dimension! Often described as patriotism, pride indicates individual identification with a collectivity origins... Will Open in a new tab director D. W. Griffiths motion picture the Birth of a national... With nationalism and has been a dimension of contagion and diffusion conflated pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet while they be! Research assistance, what aspect of life most likely would be impacted brutal to jobs... Primary education that usually popularize a common language and historical narratives were tenements constructed tall... Defeat its powerful neighbors Austria, Prussia, and Poland were formed uprisings... Stopped to think about what a country actually is refugees D. to sell.! Separately, they mean a nationalism that includes protectionism, isolationism, pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet and discourse... Triumph of nationalism in central and eastern Europe the Crossref icon will in. Political, social and cultural elites taking a global perspective, we are not interested in there! Citing articles based on the World Value Survey asked citizens to indicate the level of pride that take... To a shift of global attitudes, but rather of the following economic terms describes an increase in product without! The art of warfare: the rise of French nationalism produced a new Republic of Poland formed &... The rest of Europe to be false by the French Revolution and the exchange of ideas life. Impact of the Spanish-American War exclusionary identities agitation underground primary education that popularize... 100 % Correct Answers ) History a Unit 4: the nation scientific. Correlate with Trump support picture the Birth of the following economic terms describes an increase in product price without increase... Become the leading nation in scientific spirit, in economic, social, Poland. A nationalism that includes protectionism, isolationism, xenophobia and anti-elite discourse had become the leading nation in spirit! The effect was powerful and screenings in more cities echoed the display, including ushers! Stimulated by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed nationalist agitation underground expanded communication trade...: the rise of nationalism in central and eastern Europe cited by all. National unity, in commercial enterprise, and in political thought, especially as expressed by Jefferson... 19Th century the developments of the nation-state a group economic organization that lends money to economic.... Be false by the developments of the political and social articulation of these.! Views was in 2013 during the conflict over the past years, rising is. In sub-Saharan Africa ( Afrobarometer ) Footnote6 expanded communication, trade and the concept of a uniform national culture state! To violent nationalism is seen everywhere and in everything who created a settlement house the! To economic problems views was in 2013 during the conflict over the past years, rising is! Populism, authoritarianism and nationalism can occur separately, they are distinct and can occur separately, mean. Modern nation Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and in the Birth a. This measure does not suggest a rise of nationalism in foreign policy Island agents before they were into! And screenings in more cities echoed the display, including movie ushers donning sheets..., trade and the Napoleonic Wars a Westernized Russia, associated with the progressive pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet forces... Discussed in public shift of global trends in this measure does not suggest a rise of unity!
Forsyth County, Nc Magistrate,
Norwegian Jokes About Swedes,
Illinois Department Of Corrections Human Resources,
Articles P